Steinbock O 1966 (citation)- illustration of exterior p 396, long discussion on regeneration and phylogeny, from Beminae, illustration 65, 87, etc. Steinbock O 1967 (citation)- illustration p 396, description of 396, experiments with 412-446, illustration p 453, also 356, 410. Dorjes J 1968 (citation)- lists. Henley C 1974 (citation)- p 335 notes Steinbock's work 1967 on regeneration in.
Notes for the valid (accepted) taxonomic name
Notes for Hofstenia miamia
Correa DD 1960 (citation)- description of this species from among algae in intertidal zone at Virginia Key, in Maimi, Florida, USA. Ax P 1961 (citation)- note on nutritional parenchyma. Ax P 1963 (citation)- only vacuoles in a solid syncytium, no lumen. Correa DD 1963 (citation)- further description- thinks it is widespread in Caribbean, on color patterns of. Steinbock O 1966 (citation)- illustration external view p 65, copulatory organ p 89, also p 63. Dorjes J 1968 (citation)- p 104 lists as type. Dorjes J, Karling TG 1975 (citation)- Swedish Museum of Natural History, as miamia Correa 1960, Miami.
Notes for Hofstenia miamia
Correa DD 1960 (citation)- "Locality, Virginia Key, Miami. Among algae from the intertidal zone in front
of The Marine Laboratory, University of Miami, November, 1958.
Material. Known only from the type.
Type. One set of 12µ transverse serial sections (two slides) under the number M2 deposited in the
Department of Zoology of the faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of the University of São Paulo, Brazil.
Description. External features: The living animal (Fig. 4) was about 4mm long, rather cylindrical,
and 1.5 mm broad. After preservation it measured respectively 3.5 mm and 1 mm. Its ground color is white,
irregularly speckled with brown. It has no eyes. The anterior end is rounded. The posterior end is pointed.
Subterminally there is the cephalic pit, the common opening of the frontal gland. The large mouth (k) is
distinctly ventral and is followed posteriorly by asingle gonopore, that of the male antrum.
Internal features: The cephalic nervous system consists of a subepidermal ganglionic ring (Fig. 5z)
interrupted only ventrally by the mouth. The statocyst (x) lies at the level of the mouth surrounded
by the cephalic gland. Ventral to the statocyst there is a small mass of neurofibrils (j) with a few
nerve cells. The mouth leads to a highly muscular pharynx about one third of the length of the body. The
pharynx is lined with an unfolded epithelium, the nuclei of which (ab) are sunken under the subepithelial
layer of muscles which are longitudinal (bc). Then follows a thick circular (cd) and farther outwards
another longitudinal layer (de). Radial fibres fasten the pharynx to the body wall. The digestive
syncytium encloses several vacuoles in the hinder part of the body, but I could not trace any delimited intestinal
cavity.
Reproductive system: The testes are scattered masses of germ cells situated dorsally and on the sides
from close behind the gonopore to the level of the first ovaries. The male copulatory apparatus (Fig. 6)
begins with a large, ventral, seminal vesicle (s) with a very thin wall and with its lumen filled with sperms.
Its wall is strongly muscular. Outside the muscles lies a mantle of eosinophilous gland cells (l) whose pink
secretions penetrates the muscle layer. The succeeding penial muscular bulb (p) with narrow ciliated lumen
bears a bundle of about 50 cuticular bristles (w), 70µ in length, projecting into the ciliated male antrum
which surrounds the penial papilla. The ovaries are scattered female cells in different phases of development.
They occur on both sides of the ventral face from the level of the seminal vesicle backwards to the pre-caudal
region. Each female cell is surrounded by a large number of boluminous follicular cells."
Notes for Hofstenia miamia
Correa DD 1963 (citation) - "Some years ago I described Hofstenia miamia from Virginia Key, in the Miami area (Correa 1960, p. 211 ff.). The species was based on a single specimen found among algae in the intertidal zone. When a grant from the Government of the Netherlands gave me the chance to work at the Caribbean Marine Biological Institute, Curacao, I found the species again. Many specimens came up from Thalassia and algae growing in low water in Piscadera Baai in February and March 1962. Though these worms are only 4 mm in length, they occur sufficiently frequently to attract the attention of future workers, and are therefore published as new members of the fauna of Curacao. Moreover the species seems to be rather common in the Caribbean Sea, as Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck (Utrecht) found it quite accidentally on July 17, 1955, in Deep Bay, Antigua, among algae in the low-tide zone of a rocky beach without Thalassia. I take the opportunity of extending and emending my previous description by means of this larger material. The colour pattern of light bands, blotches and spots between brownish, greyish or nearly black areae varies considerably (Fig. 17). The colours of the other valid Hofsteniidae are different: H. atrioviridis from Sagami Bay, Japan, which is 7 mm long alive, is a dark blackish-green (Bock 1923, p. 6); the 3 mm-long H. tinga from the coast of São Paulo is quite white (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus 1957, p. 170); and the 2-mm long Hofsteniola pardii from Naples has a vivid reddish anterior third fading out posteriorly, or sometimes becoming pinkish (Papi 1957, p. 133). The ventral mouth differentiates pardii, tinga, and miamia from atroviridis, which has a terminal or slightly subterminal mouth. All Hofsteniidae are eyeless, and the epidermis has intra-epithelial nuclei in all of them, including miamia. The position of the nuclei in the pharyngeal epithelium is normal in atroviridis and also miamia, insunk in tinga and pardii. A strong sphincter at the hind end of the pharynx is a common character of all Hofsteniidae. The presence or absence of a cavity in the digestive parenchyma is systematically insignifcant. In the present material an ample cavity occurs, containing crustaceans. Furthermore, some irregular villosities of the endocytium project into the intestinal lumen. Parenchymal muscle fibres, mainly annular and radial ones, separate the digestive syncytium from the ectocytium. Just as in my first description and in H. atroviridis, a small mass of neurofibrils with a few nerve cells near the statocyst represents the so-called central nervous system, while all nervous elements are superficial in Hofsteniola pardii (Papi 1957, p. 136-137, and evidently also in H. tinga, whose statocyst lies embedded in the centre of the cephalic gland. Possibly H. tinga should be transferred to Hofsteniola, but its testes are not known. Their vestiges in the sections are indicated by a loose net; hence, scattered testes, as in the species of Hofstenia, are more probable than compact ones, as in Hofsteniola. In the Hofsteniidae insemination is accomplished by impregnation. During this process the armature of the penis is evidently sometimes lost. This can be inferred from the absence of penial bristels int he new material which is in the phase of oviposition. These cuticular spines, described for all Hofsteniidae, are already visible in the sections of my first specimen when viewed with medium power. Strands of spermatozoa run from the scattered testes to the seminal vesicle. The dorsolateral testes overlap the ventrolateral ovaries behind the posterior end of the pharynx for about 0.2 mm. The ovaries consist of scattered female cells which lie on both sides of the ventral face. Quite young and growing ovocytes of different sizes, with their surrounding nutritive cells, occur on all levels, without any serial arrangement, exactly as in H. atroviridis (Bock 1923, p. 30, 35). The ovaries are also ventrolateral in Hofsteniola pardii (Papi 1957, fig. 2), while they are spread irregularly in H. tinga (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus 1957, fig. 26). Even more than after my first description (Correa 1960, p. 214) H. miamia reveals itself as closely resembling the type of the genus, H. atroviridis. But discoveries of Hofsteniidae are too rare and isolated for zoogeographical commentary."