Gschwentner R, Baric S, Rieger R 2002 (citation)- New species and description of Symsagittifera corsicae; study of formation and function of sagittosysts; body-wall musculature, morphological features and 18S rDNA sequencing. Discusses other species including: Symsagittifera sagittifera, Symsagittifera bifoveolata, Praesagittifera shikoki, Convolutriloba longifissura, Symsagittifera poenicea.
Kostenko AG, Mamkaev YuV 1990 (citation)- p 21, "Green convoluts possessing symbiotic algae and sagittocysts are isolated into a genus Simsagittifera [Symsagittifera] which is also characterized by a weakly pronounced ciliated antrum, ciliated vagina, and a thin sclerotized nozzle of bursa; the seminal vesicle does not have its own walls. Seven species are referred to the genus, they are: S. schultzei (O. Schmidt, 1852), S. roscoffensis (Graff, 1891), S. japonica (Kato, 1951), S. macnaei (Du Bois Reymond Marcus, 1957), S. psammophila (Beklemischev, 1957), S. bifoveolata (Mamkaev, 1971), S. nitidae (Yamasu, 1982). A detailed revision of S. psammophila is given. The comparative description of its reproductive apparatus contains new data on S. bifoveolata and S. schultzei."
Mamkaev YuV, Kostenko AG 1991 (citation)- "On the phylogenetic significance of sagittocysts and copulatory organs in acoel turbellarians."
[from Mamkaev, 1971 (citation), translated by Anatoly Petrov] Convoluta bifoveolata was first encountered by I. B. Raikov in summer 1962 in the Adreev bight (Ussuriiski Bay). This species was observed there in large numbers at a depth of about 60 cm in clean medium sand (the average size of sand grains is 0.5 mm). In the Posiet (Pos'yet) Bay this species was found off the eastern coast of the Expedition Bay (to the north from the Cape Shelekh and at the cliffs which mark the end of the Churhado spit). Near Cape Shelekh, it lives at a depth of 1-2 m, inhabiting in vast numbers coarse sand with detritus; at a depth of 3-4 m it could no longer be found. At the Churhado spit, C. bifoveolata was encountered in clean sand at a depth of 3-4 m. It was also found at the shoal (depth of ca. 50 cm) off the western shore of the Churhado spit, but in small numbers. C. bifoveolata was also found in the Sivuch'ya Bay and near the Furugelm Island. In the Sivuch'ya Bay it was observed in the mouth of the creek flowing out of the salt Lake Tal'mi (depth of 1-1.5 m, large clean sand), and at the Cape Fal'shivyy Ostrovok (False Islet) predominantly at a depth of 3-4 m; at a depth of about 5 m these convolutas are more scarce. At the Furugelm Island, this species populates in vast numbers the coarse sand with gravel at a depth of 2-5 m; it disappears toward the depth of 8-10 m. Several characteristic features for the biotope of this species emerge from our data. The species inhabits a relatively coarse-grained substratum (from medium-grain sand to coarse sand with gravel), clean or with a bit of detritus, but it never lives in the intertidal zone of open beaches. Also, it cannot withstand any significant increase in detrital content and siltation, which occurs with increasing depth. As a result, it inhabits a deeper zone on open shores than in closed bays, where it can live in the shallowest areas. Thus, for instance, near the Furugelm Island it is numerous at a depth of 2-6 m and in the open Sivuch'ya Bay at the depth of 3-4 m, while in more quiet stretch of the bay, in the mouth of the creek, it rises higher (up to 1 m depth). In an inner, relatively quiet region of the Pos'et Bay it never reaches deeper than 2 m; near the end of the Churhado spit, where there are strong currents it descends much deeper, while in the closed area near the cliffs it rises up to 0.5 m depth. These features of the biotopes of C. bifoveolata suggest that the limiting ecological factors for the given species are strong water turbulence, on one side, and siltation of the sediments, on the other. In comparing the biotopes of C. bifoveolata, it should be taken into account that in the open areas of the coast, where it occurs at greater depth, the water is much clearer, than in closed areas, e.g. in Expedition Bay. It may be assumed that this factor also has considerable importance for C. bifoveolata, as it contains symbiotic algae, zoochlorellae, that need a sufficient irradiation for photosynthesis. However, the lower border of the biotopes of the given species is probably not determined by irradiation. This assumption is supported by the fact, that C. furugelmi, found near the Furugelm Island in close proximity with C. bifoveolata, lives at such depth (6-8 m), where the latter is never encontered.
Notes from synonyms
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