Graff L v 1905 (citation)-
"Acoela with two genital openings, the female lying anterior the male, with a bursa seminalis,
with ovaries or with ovaries and yolk glands. The mouth lies always on the ventral side
somewhat back from the end of the body. The bursa seminalis either lacks a chitinous nozzle
or these are present in one, two or a greater number. Only in Plychoerus are the two ovaries
formed into separate ovar and yolk parts. With the single exception of Convoluta the testes
occur always as separated follicles. In general the family is organically much more complex
than the Proporidae and includes mostly broad and flat forms distinguished by a well developed
parenchymal musculature. Length from 0.6209 mm. Littoral or pelagic."
Bohmig L 1908 (citation)- p 7 mentions.
Bresslau E, Reisinger E 1928 (citation)- p 37, fig 13- plan of organization of this family.
Karling TG 1940 (citation)- mentions p 223, 224.
Marcus E 1946 (citation)- compares Convolutidae with Macrostomidae and discusses relationship.
Westblad E 1948 (citation)- p 52- discusses family and separate Otocelididae and Hallangidae from it.
p 57- in key- in tribe Proandropora - Bursalea. definition "Mouth ventral. Pharynx O. Vagina
opening anterior to the penis." Includes:
Mecynostomum Polychoerus
Paraphanostoma Convoluta
Aphanostoma
Amphiscolops
Marcus E 1950 (citation)- defines genera and provides key for the following genera:
Paraphanostoma Monochoerus
Aphanostoma Anaperus
Aechmalotus Mecynostomum
Convoluta Anaperus
Amphiscolops Convoluta
Polychoerus Cyrtomorpha
Amphicoerus Heterochoerus
Hyman LH 1951 (citation) -vol 2, p 121- notes presence of bursa in this family (as not in most acoels),
one to many, connected with vagina or not- bursal nozzle some.
p 129- up to 64 seminal bursae- the family also has a vagina.
p 132- "acoela with one or more seminal bursae, female or common gonopore and vagina."
List of genera, p 132:
Otocelis Monochoerus
Aphanostoma Palmenia
Aechmalotus Tetraposthia
Convoluta Anaperus
Amphiscolops "and others"
Polychoerus
Hanson ED 1961 (citation)- lists as Family Convolutidae Graff 1905 - amend Westblad 1948.
Beauchamp P de 1961 (citation)- following classification:
Subfamily Convolutoidea (Proandropora Bursalia)
Family Convolutidae
Genera Convoluta
Aphanostoma
Mecynostomum
Paraphanostoma
Amphiscolops
Polychoerus
Tetraposthia
Family Myostomellidae
Genus Myostomella
Family Hallangidae
Genera Hallangia
Aechmalotus
Family Otocelidae
Genus Otocelis
Antonius A 1968 (citation)- Key to genera which is same as key of Dorjes 1968 (citation)- p. 82 but
includes his new genera. Includes the following genera:
Archaphanostom Conaperta Convoluta Adenopea
Brachypea Polychoerus Oligochoerus Amphiscolops
Diatomovora Praeconvoluta Postaphanostoma Bursosaphia
Praeaphanostoma Haplodiscus Proconvoluta Aphanostoma
Rimicola Pseudoposthia Avagina Baltalimania
Faerlea Oxyposthia Pseudaphanostoma
Dorjes 1968 (citation)- p 80- definition and list of genera
"Acoels with a ventral mouth opening. Outer muscle layer with an outer circular and inner
longitudinal muscle layers. Male copulatory organ with muscular tube shaped penis, often
very glandular. Through lack of a seminal vesicle, this is formed as a direct inpocketing
of the epidermis, a ciliated male antrum absent in their cases. Otherwise turned inward into
a seminal bursa or a muscular penis sac. Male reproductive opening ventral, superterminal or
terminal at posterior end."
List of genera-
1. Convoluta 8. Faerlea 15. Archaphanostoma
2. Aphanostoma 9. Pseudaphanostoma 16. Bursosaphia
3. Haplodiscus 10. Pseudoposthia 17. Postaphanostoma
4. Polychoerus 11. Oxyposthia 18. Praeaphanostoma
5. Avagina 12. Baltalimania 19. Praeconvoluta
6. Amphiscolops 13. Oligochoerus 20. Proconvoluta
7. Rimicola 14. Diatomovora
Karling TG 1974 (citation)- list p 9
Faubel A, Kolasa J 1978 (citation)- Think their new genus Limnoposthia belongs to this
family. [Bush places in Mecynostomidae].
Ehlers U, Doerjes J 1979 (citation)- list p 67, 70- description of species of this family from Galapagos
in description p 48 of Otocelidae.
Faubel A, Regier S 1983 (citation)- p. 3 add new genus Alluna - family (breif)- p. 5.
Notes from synonyms
Notes for Acoela Anaperidae
Beklemischev VN 1929 (citation)- p 232-235 structure of glandular spicules in. Dorjes J 1968 (citation)- p 106-107 definition, discription, key to genera. "Acoels with terminal or subterminal lying of reproductive opening. Seminal vesicle usually lacking, penis in these not invaginated. Male antrum well developed, always with small, cuticular, stimulating organs." Type genus Anaperus Graff 1911 5 genera, 10 species, discussion. 1. Anaperus Graff 1911 2. Achoerus Beklemischev 1915 3. Paranaperus Westblad 1942 4. Philachoerus Dorjes 1968 5. Pseudanaperus Dorjes 1968 Key p 107-8 1. No color bearing rhabdites and surface pigment present. male accessory apparatus lacking------------------------------Paranaperus 1. Coloring by rhabdites or surface pigment---------------------------------2 2. Male accessory organs (also bursal nozzle) lacking-----------------------3 2. Male accessory organs present--------------------------------------------4 3. Coloring with rhabdites-------------------------------------------Achoerus 3. Coloring by surface pigment----------------------------------Pseudanaperus 4. No bursa seminalis, instead one to many nozzles with associated mass of sperm-----------------------------------------Anaperus 4. Well developed bursa seminalis with a cuticularized nozzle----Philachoerus Beklemischev VN 1969 (citation)- Vol II, p 385 glandular spines in as part of copulatory system. Karling TG 1974 (citation)- in list p 9. Faubel A, Regier S 1983 (citation)- add new genus Praeanaperus discussion p 11.
Notes for Acoela Anaperidae
Hooge MD, Haye P, Tyler S, Litvaitis MK, Kornfield I 2002 (citation)- Phylogenetic relationships using 18S rDNA, and morphological characters of sperm and body-wall musculature.
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