Catenulida
Bresslau E 1933 (citation)-
Karling TG 1940 (citation)- definition p 2 and 9, "Archoophora with gut and pharynx simplex. Sometimes with
statocyst with 1 or 2 lithospheres. Medial dorsally opening of the main stem of excretory system.
Male pore dorsal in anterior body. Female ducts and accessory organs locking. Fresh water."
see also p 223-225, and 228. (= Catenulida Meixner 1924, Notandropora Reisinger 1924).
Marcus E 1945 (citation)- "pharynx of the simplex type" and quotes Graff 1913/15 as defining above "a tubular
invagination of the integument-" Marcus adds "muscles for dilation in the form of radiating fibers
from the pharyngeal wall, glands and nerves can be attached to it from the elongated epidermal part
going inwards." pharynx in asexual reproduction is formed from "stem cells" not by invagination of
epithelium in Stenostomum and Microstomum and others dissected by Marcus- also shown by reversal of
muscle layer in epithelium and pharynx- problems of definition here- concludes pharynx simplex is
characterized by "lack of a pharyngeal pocket or a long oral tube." [Bush translation]
also long citation on asexual reproduction in this group p 54-65, on length of chains, order of
formation, description of process, etc.
Marcus E 1945 (citation)- definition of order.
"Simplex pharynx with sac-shaped gut or intestine without diverticula, parenchyma not well developed,
a single median protonephridium doubled on itself, statocyst present or absent, and reproduction more by
the vegetative process of fission than by sexual means, perhaps with the exception of Rhynchoscolex."
Stenostomidae Chordariidae Catenulidae
-------------------------------- ----------------------------- -----------------------
brain 2 anterior and 2 posterior lobes brain oviod, compact without ovoid brain, without or
clearly separated and near divisions and near front with a constriction and
mouth far from mouth without a distinct
subdivision into anterior
and posterior lobes
preoral groups of sensor cells with ciliated groove may occur brain at base or half-way
ciliated pits and in long, up preoral zone which is
precerebral series
excretophores on interior wall excretophores present excretophores absent
diagnosis: "Small turbellaria 0.3-1.2 mm long by 0.03-0.3 mm in diameter, with unpaired excretory tubes.
Excretory canal commences in the posterior region of the body, curves with an ascending tube
forward to anterior where it recurves on itself and descends to open in the caudal zone. The
protonephridia is located on the median line dorsal to the intestine (except
Stenostomum ventronephrium Nuttycombe), and ventral to the cerebrum. Nervous system composed of the
cerebrum and of various pairs of longitudinal nerves from anterior to posterior. In all the
genera with the exception of Stenostomum (always with a statocyst) there occurs species with
and species without statocysts. Pharynx simple; intestine pouch or sac shaped without diverticula.
Parenchyme generally little developed. Reproducing, with the exception of Rhynchoscolex more
vegetatively by paratomis division than by germ cells- gonads not known in all the genera- Testis
situated dorsally and opening thru a penis in the anterior dorsal region. Ovaries endolecithal.
In Rhynchoscolex, it appears most probably reproduction is parthenogenetic. Fresh water, moist
earth and rarely in salt water."
Marcus divides into 3 families and 5 genera- Key p 8:
1. Cerebrum with distinct lobes, 2 anterior and 2 posterior--------------------------5
1. Cerebrum without distinct subdivisions into anterior and posterior lobes----------2
2. Cerebrum situated almost at the mouth, at the base of the preoral zone
or at nearly the level of that region--------------------------------------------3
2. Cerebrum situated at the anterior part of the preoral zone -----------------Chordarium
3. In the pre-bursal zone is found a ventral or ventro-lateral, large
prominent ring, ciliated and provided with a longitudinal channel----------Suomina
3. A prominent ring does not occur preorally-----------------------------------------4
4. The lumen of the intestine reaches approximately to the middle of
posterior buccal part of the body------------------------------------------Catenula
4. The intestine extends as far as the interior of the worm; the last
1/5th or at most 1/4th of the intestine may lack a lumen-------------------Dasyhormus
5. Adult worms present, as a general way of life, signs of division------------Stenostomum
5. After 1-2 divisions in larval stage or the pre-adult, no divisions occur----Rhynchoscolex
Marcus E 1948 (citation)- p 120 mentions in history of Rhabdocoela.
Westblad E 1948 (citation)- p 66 definition. " Archoophora with true, undivided gut and pharynx simplex. Basal
membrane present (thin). With or without a statocyst. Protonephridia present (unpaired main duct).
Male reproductive glands follicular, female unpaired. Female genital opening dorsal in the anterior
part of body, feamle ducts and genital opening. Fresh water. Several genera." [Bush translation].
Comments on Karling's placing of Catenulida near base(?) of Turbellaria, doesn't agree-
Marcus E 1949 (citation)- reference p 14.
Hyman LH 1951 (citation)- p 104 notes ciliated gastrodermis in; p 137 discussion of this as suborder of
Rhabdocoels, few fresh-water genera with:
- simple pharynx
- single median protonephridium
- 4 pairs of longitudinal nerve chords
- ciliated gastrodermis
list of genera and notes on some; reproduce asexually; form chains; and are seldom seen as male and
female, but has been studied in Stenostomum; p 190 notes a fresh water group that some have returned
to brackish water; p 194 notes Euglenoids in.
Hyman LH 1959 (citation)- comment on position of.
Luther A 1960 (citation)- refers to Marcus E 1945 (citation) and Marcus E 1945 (citation). Says Catenulida
(= Notandropora Reisinger). Gives key, p 22:
1. Brain undivided, at the base or in the middle part of the head lobe,
with a ciliated groove ventral or ventro-lateral between the base of the
head lobe and the rest of the body, with or without a statocyst-------------Catenulidae (2)
1. Brain with paired anterior and posterior lobes and anterior to this
with a group of sense cells often arranged pseudometamerically,
with or without a statocyst-------------------------------------------------Stenostomidae (3)
2. A broad, long ciliated bulge ventral and ventro-lateral anterior to the
mouth- with cross furrows(in the longitudinal direction of the whole body),
gut filling a large part of the post oral body------------------------------Suomina
2. No cross running bulge anterior to the mouth, gut cavity mostly only
extending to about the middle of the post oral body-------------------------Catenula
3. Growing animal usually forming colonies (chains) thru cross
dividing, ciliated pits present---------------------------------------------(4)
3. Developing animal not forming chains; only 1-2 divisions in larval
and young stages. Anterior end of body (prostomium) very long.
Ciliated pits lacking-------------------------------------------------------Rhynchoscolex
4. Without gut muscles---------------------------------------------------------Stenostomum
4. With gut muscles------------------------------------------------------------Myostenostomum
Applewhite PB, Morowitz, HJ 1966 (citation)- use Catenulida for studies on maze learning- habituation shown.
Young JO 1970 (citation)-
Karling TG 1974 (citation)- in key p 12, in list p 9 and 14. On phylogeny, p 8.
Sterrer W, Rieger RM 1974 (citation)- new family is the Retronectidae. Discussion of order in general, p 74-79.
Rieger RM 1981 (citation)- electron microscopy structures, muscles, nerves p 220-221, basement membranes p 229,
also 216- on evolutionary relationships p 225.
Boaden PJS 1981 (citation)- Oxygen requirements, p 1206, 110.
Doe DA 1981 (citation)- On pharynx simplex here, not coronatus. Phylogeny of.
Faubel A 1983 (citation)- p 26-27 notes ciliated male tract in.
Kolasa J 2001 (citation)- List of North American species of Turbellaria and Nemertea, including Catenulida. Key
to Orders and Suborders of freshwater turbellaria, collection, culturing, and preservation. Antatomy,
physiology, ecology, research problems, and taxonomic keys.
Kolasa J 1991 (citation)- List of North American species of Turbellaria and Nemertea, including Catenulida. Key to Orders and Suborders of freshwater turbellaria, collection, culturing, and preservation. Antatomy, physiology, ecology, research problems, and taxonomic keys.
Hooge MD 2001 (citation)- "Evolution of body-wall musculature in the Platyhelminthes (Acoelomorpha, Catenulida, Rhabditophora)."
Rogozin AG 1994 (citation)- "Key to freshwater invertebrates of Russia and adjacent lands." Taxa included
are:
Bothromesostoma Braun 1885
Castrada Schmidt 1862
Castrella Fuhrmann 1900
Catenulida Meixner 1924
Dalyellia Flemming 1822
Dalyelliidae
Gieysztoria Ruebush & Hayes 1939
Macrostomida Karling 1940
Macrostomum Schmidt 1848
Mesostoma Ehrenberg 1837
Microdalyellia Gieysztor 1938
Microstomum Schmidt 1848
Olisthanella Voigt 1892
Opistomum Schmidt 1848
Phaenocora Ehrenberg 1835
Prorhynchidae Hallez 1894
Stenostomidae Vejdovsky 1880
Stenostomum Schmidt 1848
Strongylostoma Orsted 1843
Tricladida
Typhloplanidae
Carranza S, Baguna J, Riutort M 1997 (citation)- "Are the Platyhelminthes a monophyletic primitive group? An assessment using 18S rDNA sequences." Looks at Rhabditophora, Acoela, Catenulida. Species of Turbellaria used include the following: Crenobia alpina, Dendrocoelum lacteum, Monocelis lineata, Archiloa rivularis, Geocentrophora sp., Mesocastrada sp., Nemertinoides elongatus, Urastoma sp., Macrostomum tuba, Microstomum lineare, Discocelis tigrina, Planocera multitentaculata, Stenostomum leucops, Convoluta pulchra, Convoluta naikaiensis. New sequences reported for many of these species.
Reuter M, Lehtonen M, Wikgren M 1988 (citation)- "Immunocytochemical evidence of neuroactive substances in flatworms of different taxa--a comparison." Species studied: Acoela sp., Archiloa unipunctata, Polycelis nigra, Microdalyellia fusca, Promesostoma marmoratum, Typhloplana viridata, Gyratrix hermaphroditus.
Ehlers U 1994 (citation)- "On the ultrastructure of the protonephridium of Rhynchoscolex simplex and the basic systematization of the Catenulida (Plathelminthes)."
Moraczewski J 1981 (citation)- "The fine structure of some Catenulida (Turbellaria Archoophora)." Species included in the study were Catenula leptocephala and Catenula lemnae.
Rieger RM 1978 (citation)- "Multiple ciliary structure in developing spermatozoa of marine Catenulida (Turbellaria)."
Return to Platyhelminthes Catenulida